Print culture and social change the case of reform and modernity among the Tiyyar in malabar 1845 1947

Abstract

The Thiyya community in Kerala, historically marginalized and outside the Varna system, faced exclusion and discrimination, being classified as avarna (untouchable). Despite internal differentiation within the community, including variations in inheritance practices and regional distinctions, the Thiyyas shared cultural ties with other marginalized communities like the Ezhavas and Billavas. Colonial rule, particularly through Western-style education and miss ionary efforts, played a pivotal role in advancing the social status of the Thiyyas by opening new opportunities for employment and social mobility, especially in government jobs. Key reformers such as P. Palpu, T.K. Madhavan, and Kumaran Asan helped challenge caste discrimination through education and social reform, while missionaries, including Dr. Paruamma, advocated for women's rights. This period marked a shift in the Thiyya community's social standing, with increased access to education and new opportunities that bridged caste divides. The printing press, introduced by the Basel Mission, became a crucial tool for spreading reformist ideas. Publications like Mithavadi, led by figures like C. Krishnan, provided a platform for the Thiyyas to voice their concerns, promote education, and fight caste discrimination. Print media also played a significant role in democratizing knowledge, fostering literacy, and engaging the Thiyyas in broader social and anti-colonial movements, which helped shape a new middle class within the community. The Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Yogam, led by Sri Narayana Guru, played a transformative role in uplifting the Thiyya community, promoting education, unity, and social equality. The SNDP worked to break caste barriers, advocating for temple entry rights and economic empowerment. Guru's teachings on social equality, anti-casteism, and Sanskritization, where the Thiyyas adopted higher-caste rituals to improve their status, were key in shaping their social mobility. Despite some decline in the SNDP's influence, the legacy of Guru's reforms and the contributions of intellectuals like C. Krishnan continue to inspire efforts for social justice and equality in Kerala. In summary, the Thiyya community's upliftment was driven by colonial education, social reform movements, the rise of print media, and the leadership of figures like Sree Narayana Guru, challenging caste discrimination and contributing to the community's social and economic advancement.