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Scholar@UOC is the primary academic repository of the University of Calicut.

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Artistic imagery in the poems of Talal Saeed Al Junaibi
(Department of Arabic, University of Calicut, 2026) Safvan,K; Abdul Majeed, E
‫ت‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ة‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫أ‬ ‫ه‬‫ﻢ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ج‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫;‬ ‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ب‬‫ﻲ‬‫‪،‬‬‫إ‬ ‫ذ‬‫ت‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ه‬‫ﻢ‬‫;‬ ‫ي‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺪ‬‫أ‬ ‫ﻓ‬‫ك‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺮ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻼ‬‫ل‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ي‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪T‬‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ل‬‫خ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ل‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻹ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬‫‪.‬‬‫[‬‫\‬‫ﺪ‬‫ف‬‫ه‬ ‫ﺬ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺔ‬‫إ‬ ‫`‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ي‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻔ‬‫‪e‬‬‫‪f‬‬‫;‬ ‫ي‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ﻲ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﻼ‬‫ل‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ج‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫‪i‬‬‫‪f‬‬‫‪،‬‬‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ط‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ي‬‫ﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫د‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻻ‬‫[‬‫\‬‫ﺎ‬‫ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ج‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ي‬‫ﺔ‬‫;‬ ‫ي‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺼ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻩ‬‫‪.‬‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪T‬‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ﳌ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ه‬‫ج‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴ‬‫‪T‬‬‫ي‬‫‪،‬‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻼ‬‫ل‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺠ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ص‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ي‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬ ‫مل‬‫خ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ة‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫د‬ ‫و‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫ﻦ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺮ‬‫‪.‬‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻨ‬‫ﺎ‬‫و‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬‫د‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫‪z‬‬‫‪f‬‬‫ت‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ه‬‫ﻢ‬‫;‬ ‫ي‬‫ت‬ ‫ﺸ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ة‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ي‬‫ﺔ‬‫‪،‬‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺜ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ت‬‫ﺸ‬‫ب‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﮫ‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ة‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺰ‬‫‪.‬‬‫و‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺔ‬‫إ‬ ‫`‬‫ى‬‫أ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ج‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫‪i‬‬‫‪f‬‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻤ‬‫•‬‫‚‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ت‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ع‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺛ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬‫†‬‫\‬‫ﺎ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻻ‬‫`‬‫ي‬‫‪،‬‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺠ‬‫‪T‬‬‫ى‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﮫ‬‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫و‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ا‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫و‬‫ﻃ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ت‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺲ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ب‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ي‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺮ‬‫‪.‬‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫ﺴ‬‫ه‬‫ﻢ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﺬ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺔ‬‫;‬ ‫ي‬‫إ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ة‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ي‬‫ﺔ‬‫;‬ ‫ي‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ج‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫‪i‬‬‫‪f‬‬‫‪،‬‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺪ‬‫م‬‫إ‬ ‫ﺿ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ه‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺔ‬‫إ‬ ‫`‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﳌ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ﻲ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﳌ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺮ‬‫‪.‬‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫‪+‬‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫ﳌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫‪:‬‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ر‬‫ة‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫‪،‬‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ب‬‫ﻲ‬‫‪،‬‬‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﻼ‬‫ل‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ج‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫‪i‬‬‫‪f‬‬‫‪،‬‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ا‬‫ﻷ‬‫د‬‫ب‬‫ﻲ‬‫‪،‬‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﳌ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺮ‬
A study of transgenders in Kerala Extent of exclusion and their socio economic outcomes
(Department of Economics, University of Calicut, 2026) Ruksana P; Haseena V A
Transgender individuals in Kerala face persistent social, economic, and institutionalexclusion, which significantly influences their socio-economic outcomes. This studyinvestigates the extent, nature, and consequences of exclusion experienced by trans-menand trans-women across six domains: family, housing, education, employment, health care,and law and order. The study analyzes experiences of exclusion across multiple domains tounderstand their impact on the socio-economic outcomes of transgender individualsA quantitative approach was employed, collecting data from 351 respondents usingstructured surveys that captured experiences of exclusion at both access and functioninglevels. Domain-specific indices were computed to measure exclusion, while descriptivestatistics and chi-square tests were applied to identify patterns and differences betweentrans-men and trans-women. Socio-economic exclusions from family, housing facilities,educational institutions, healthcare institutions, employment sector, and law and orderinstitutions were analyzed to assess their impact on overall socio-economic outcomes.Findings reveal that trans-women experience higher levels of exclusion, particularly in themoderate to high range, while trans-men report relatively better outcomes in financial andasset ownership dimension and also in social networks and community inclusion. Theanalysis highlights the critical role of family, housing, education, and employment inmediating exclusion, and underscores how intersecting factors such as gender, and socialindicators intensify vulnerability.Importantly, in most domains, exclusion is more significant during functioning within thedomain rather than at the point of access. Factors such as social stigma, discriminatorybehavior by peers and officials, inadequate inclusive infrastructure, and limited legalrecognition contribute to these socio-economic disadvantages. In contrast, in the familydomain, exclusion is notably higher at the point of access due to prevailing social stigma.The study contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive and evidence-basedunderstanding of exclusion among transgender populations in Kerala. It emphasizes theneed for targeted policies and inclusive interventions that address structural discrimination,enhance capabilities, and promote equitable socio-economic outcomes. The findings arerelevant for policymakers, civil society organizations, and stakeholders working toward theempowerment and inclusion of transgender communities.
Modelling and simulation studies of bulk hetero junction organic solar cells
(Christ College , Inrinjalakuda, 2026) Denet Davis; Sudheer Sebastian K
Solar cells (SCs), an indispensable energy-harvesting devices, have always been at theforefront of cutting-edge research. Bulk hetero-junction organic solar cells (BHJOSCs)offer a promising pathway for developing affordable, flexible, and customizable solar en-ergy solutions. Extensive research has been carried out in this field to enhance deviceperformance through various design modifications and the implementation of advancedtechnologies.Although traditional SCs continue to dominate the market due to their high eﬀiciency,ongoing research to identify novel materials is essential to minimize toxicity, improve dura-bility, and reduce overall degradation. This research primarily focuses on understandingthe complexities of existing BHJOSC designs and addressing their major limitations.Fullerene and non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) materials are considered highly promis-ing candidates for BHJOSCs because of their excellent opto-electronic properties. Theirsuitable band gap and high absorption capability make them particularly attractive fordevice optimization. Furthermore, an in-depth investigation into their physical propertiesand environmental impact is crucial for sustainable development.The thesis entitled “Modelling and Simulation Studies of Bulk Hetero-junction Or-ganic Solar Cells” explores the design and simulation of BHJOSCs based on P3HT:PCBM,PBDB-T:NCBDT and PBDB-T:INTIC systems. Key parameters such as layer thickness,doping concentration, band gap, temperature, and defect density have been systemati-cally analyzed. The simulation results reveal potential eﬀiciency enhancements throughcustom- engineered device architectures.Comprehensive studies were conducted using SCAPS-1D software to identify moreeﬀicient and environmentally friendly BHJOSC structures. Special emphasis is placed onthe incorporation of graphene derivatives as carrier transport interfacial layers. A noveldevice structure exhibiting maximum eﬀiciency was designed, where reduced graphene ox-ide (rGO) demonstrated superior performance as a hole transport layer (HTL).This research underscores the potential of graphene derivatives in overcoming currentchallenges and advancing both the eﬀiciency and stability of BHJOSCs
Governing common property resources and politics of engagement A case study of border villages in the union territory of Ladakh
(Department of Political Science, 2026) Limseer Ali P A; Naseer Ponnarath Kunnummal
Common Property Resources (CPRs) are essential for livelihood security in fragilemountain regions. In the trans-Himalayan borderland of Ladakh, especially in the frontiervillages of Kargil district, CPR governance is influenced by environmental challenges, climatestress, militarization, and changing state-community relations after Ladakh became a UnionTerritory in 2019. While traditional commons research acknowledges that local communitiescan manage shared resources sustainably through collective institutions, it often assumespolitical stability and local autonomy. These conditions greatly change in militarized borderareas. This study examines CPR governance and community engagement in Ladakh's bordervillages by considering livelihood dependence, institutional dynamics, geopolitical influences,and sustainability issues. The study aims to achieve four interconnected goals: to map the typesof CPRs available and assess how they contribute to household livelihoods; to examine mixedgovernance structures that include traditional institutions, formal administrative bodies, andmilitary involvement; to analyze participation patterns, inequalities, power relations, andconflicts regarding access to and sharing of CPR benefits; and to identify major ecological andgeopolitical threats to CPR sustainability. The study uses a quantitative-focused mixed-methods approach. Primary data were gathered through a structured household survey of 245households in five border villages Hardas, Shilikchay, Mushkoo, Kaksar, and Darchik alongwith interviews with key informants and secondary sources. Composite indices for CPRUtilization, Politics of Engagement, Threat Perception, Governance Effectiveness, andSustainability were created using Min-Max normalization and validated through Cronbach’sAlpha. The study applied descriptive statistics, ANOVA, chi-square tests, correlation analysis,and multiple regression models for hypothesis testing. The findings show a strong reliance onCPRs, with nearly three-fourths of households depending on shared resources, particularlyglacier-fed irrigation systems, alpine pastures, and cultural commons. These resources servemainly as subsistence safety nets instead of commercial assets. Governance is characterized bya blend of institutions and fragmentation: traditional authorities maintain social legitimacy, butcentralized administrative control has grown since 2019, often limiting communityparticipation and eroding trust. The military plays a significant role as a non-civil actor inresource governance, changing access through buffer zones, surveillance, and negotiatedarrangements. The study highlights that engagement politics significantly affect CPRgovernance outcomes. Inclusive participation, community representation, and culturallyrelevant governance practices build trust, accountability, and sustainability. In contrast, securitized, top-down interventions negatively impact resource use and governanceeffectiveness. Major threats to CPR sustainability include climate-induced water scarcity,pasture degradation, tourism pressure, and land restrictions related to security. Contrary totraditional commons theory, increased threat perception leads to a decrease in CPR use ratherthan overexploitation. The study supports an integrated Geo-Political Livelihoods andGovernance (GLG) framework, emphasizing that CPR governance in border areas is shapedby power imbalances, geopolitical constraints, and institutional interactions. The studyconcludes that achieving sustainable and fair CPR management in Ladakh's border villagesneeds participatory and locally relevant governance practices that align community institutionswith administrative and security needs.
Comparative phytochemical analysis and gene expression profiling of leaf galls on selected medicinal plants
(Government Victoria College Palakkad, 2026) Reshma K Ramesh; Suresh, V
Leaf galls are abnormal plant structures that are often caused by gall-inducing organisms like insects, mites, fungi or bacteria. These structures are the result of complex physiological and biochemical interactions between the gall inducer and the host plant. Traditionally viewed as detrimental, galls are increasingly recognized as sites of complex metabolic reprogramming, with the potential to modify the production of bioactive secondary metabolites in host plants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the molecular, phytochemical and structural characteristics of leaf galls in selected medicinal plants: Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. and Ficus racemosa L., in which galls are induced by insects, Pauropsylla tuberculata and Pauropsylla depressa, respectively. The study aims to elucidate how gall formation influences secondary metabolism and address a gap in understanding the biochemical and molecular responses of medicinal plants to biotic stress. The methodology combines morphological, anatomical, phytochemical and molecular techniques. Microscopy was used to undertake morphological and anatomical investigations of gall-affected tissues. Phytochemical profiling entails both qualitative and quantitative investigations utilizing techniques such as Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Orbitrap High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (OHR-LC-MS). Extracts from normal leaves, galled leaves and galls were evaluated for bioactivity analysis. The molecular approach used Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) to characterize the expression of six essential genes involved in the shikimic acid and phenylpropanoid pathways that regulate phenolic compound biosynthesis. Morphological analysis revealed that galls are distinct, with specialized structures like larval chambers and nutritive tissues. The key findings show that gall formation profoundly changes plant physiology. Phytochemical analysis leads to the finding that galls and galled leaves contain more secondary metabolites, particularly phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, than normal leaves, indicating stronger defense responses against inducers. GC-MS and OHR- LC-MS revealed a diverse range of secondary metabolites with numerous compounds elevated or expressed only in gall tissues. These results suggest that gall enhances the phytochemical diversity and potency of the plant. When compared to normal leaves, 8bioactivity analysis revealed that ethanolic extracts from galls and galled leaves exhibited superior antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties. The highest bioactivity was detected in F. racemosa gall leaf extracts. According to qRT-PCR analysis, all the selected genes were significantly upregulated in galls. F. racemosa had higher fold gene expression than A. scholaris, suggesting a more robust metabolic response to P. depressa. Nonetheless, there was little gene upregulation in gall leaves, suggesting metabolites were being translocated to gall leaves from galls. The findings show that gall induction enhances secondary metabolism, boosting the production of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. These gall induced changes offer valuable applications in phytopharmacology, from improving herbal formulations to supporting drug discovery. Overall, the study provides a useful model for understanding inducible secondary metabolism and its relevance to agriculture and medicine. Future studies should compare other gall-forming species, evaluate ecological functions and investigate post- transcriptional regulations.