Construction and standardization of a scale on cultural attitude towards sports

Abstract

The present study aimed to construction and standardization of a scale on Cultural Attitude Towards Sports to measure culturally rooted perspectives and dispositions toward sports. Adopting a mixed-method research design, the study was carried out in three phases: planning, construction, and standardization. In the planning phase, the conceptual foundation of cultural attitude toward sports was established through a literature review, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions, which helped identify key dimensions for scale development. During the construction phase, 90 items were initially developed. These items underwent expert review and refinement, resulting in a draft scale of 60 items. A pilot study was then conducted to examine the clarity, relevance, and structure of the items, after which further refinements were made. The revised items were administered to a sample of 400 participants, and item analysis was performed using independent samples t-test and corrected item-total correlation. Based on the results, 16 items were removed. In the standardization phase, the remaining 44 items were administered to a larger sample of 1,600 participants. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed five distinct factors, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed the factorial structure. The final version of the scale consisted of 25 psychometrically sound items. The instrument demonstrated high reliability, validity, and established norms, making it a robust tool for assessing cultural attitudes toward sports across educational, sociological, and psychological contexts.