Institutionalised elderly in Kerala An assessment of quality of life and support systems

Abstract

The elderly form an important part of human resources, and their share in the population is rising globally, in India, and in Kerala. In India, the elderly populatlon increased from 104 million in 2011 to nearly 149 million in 2022. Kerala leads this demographic shift, with about 16.5% of its population aged 60 and above. Changes in family structure, migration, and social attitudes have resulted in more elderly people moving into old age homes. This study examines the factors that lead to institutionalization and evaluates the quality of life of the elderly living in these settings. Both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data were collected from old age homes recognized by the Orphanage Control Board in Kerala, and secondary data were drawn from reports published by government agencies, organizations, and NGOs. Statistical tools such as descriptive analysis, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), one-way ANOVA, independent sample tests, and slope analysis were applied. The study found that family conflict, lack of social support, economic dependence, and health problems are the main reasons for institutionalization. Most elderly residents experience an average level of quality of life. Optimism and emotional stability strengthen the positive impact of care, while other personal traits have limited influence. Institutional care positively enhances the overall well-being of the elderly. The quality of life also varies by socio-demographic factors such as gender, marital status, education, family type, and living arrangement. These factors influence well-being to different degrees. The study highlights that government support through better healthcare, financial assistance, social inclusion programs, and mental health services can greatly enhance elderly well-being. Policies should focus on improving infrastructure, safety, and the emotional environment of senior living facilities, with special attention to older women. Strengthened regulation, regular monitoring, and oommum'ty participation are essential to ensure dignity, security, and fulfillment for the elderly in old age home.