Eco social facets of rice pest management in selected rice ecosystems of north Kerala

Abstract

This research employs a trans-disciplinary methodology for rice pest management, centered on pest-parasitoid associations. By integrating entomology, ecology, socio-economic aspects, and policy research, the study aims to identify sustainable solutions and promote social learning. Effective collaboration among scholars, farmers, multidisciplinary scientists, and stakeholders is crucial. The first part of the study explores tri-trophic interactions within rice agro- ecosystems in North Kerala, focusing on relationships among insect pests, their parasitoids, and the defense strategies of lepidopteran pests. Key findings include: 1. Species Composition: Identification of a diverse range of insect pests and parasitoids, with prominent species like Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Parapoynx stagnalis, and significant biological control potential from parasitoid families Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. 2. Seasonal Variation: Seasonal changes significantly impact insect species composition, with higher populations during wet seasons due to increased resource availability. 3. Zone-specific Preferences: Certain insect species show preferences for specific ecological zones, underscoring the need for tailored pest management strategies. 4. Host-Parasitoid Associations: Complex interactions between pests and parasitoids were noted, with diverse parasitic strategies employed by parasitoid wasps influencing pest control. 5. Anti-Parasitoid Defense Strategies: Lepidopteran pests exhibit various defense mechanisms against parasitoids, affecting parasitism rates. The second part of the study underscores the transition to sustainable agricultural practices. It analyzes community structure, spatio-temporal variation, and factors influencing pest and parasitoid populations:1. Abundance and Species Richness: Significant variations in pest and parasitoid populations across different zones and seasons were observed. 2. Effects of Crop Age and Farming Practices: Insect pest diversity varies with rice growth stages, and pesticide usage impacts pest and parasitoid abundance, highlighting the need for eco-friendly practices. 3. Climatic and Agricultural Factors: Climatic factors and agricultural practices significantly influence pest and parasitoid dynamics, with ecological niche modeling providing predictive insights for integrated pest management. The third part highlights traditional pest management practices among small- scale farmers in North Kerala. Combining traditional wisdom with modern scientific assessments can enhance sustainable pest management strategies: 1. Farmers' Knowledge and Perceptions: Limited knowledge about pests and natural enemies hampers effective management, emphasizing the need for educational programs. 2. Social Dynamics and Information Sources: Training and social connections influence farmers' awareness and adoption of pest management techniques. 3. Socio-Economic and Cultural Influences: Traditional farming communities rely on empirical knowledge, while modern communities show greater social engagement and reliance on external sources. The study calls for collaborative efforts to promote sustainable pest management, reduce dependency on chemical pesticides, and safeguard environmental and public health. Addressing knowledge gaps, enhancing farmer participation, preserving traditional knowledge, and reforming government policies are essential for sustainable agriculture in North Kerala.